Is It Legal to Upload Scans of Usps Stamps

• Copyright rules by subject matter
• Copyright rules past territory
• Copyright tags
• Cheque
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• Threshold of originality
• When to use the PD-signature tag

Status of postage stamps in Eurasia.

• Gray – stamps enter the public domain after the author has been expressionless for a certain number of years (70 in Europe, depends on the country in Asia)
• Red – Stamps are in Public Domain
• Yellow – Copyright of stamps expires fifty years later on publication
  • In the case of Republic of ireland mail-1984 stamps copyright is extended up by 70 years.
• Chocolate-brown – Copyright of stamps expires a dissimilar number of years after publication (Iran 30 years, India 60 years)
• Green – Rule varies by country. Netherlands: Stamps are copyrighted, but term differs depending on whether published before 1989 or not. Republic of finland: Stamps published by the government (pre-1990 in Republic of finland except Åland, presumably pre-2009 in Åland) are in the public domain. Stamps published by individual companies such as Itella Oyj Abp and Posten Åland Ab are copyrighted and enter the public domain 70 years after the decease of the author.

An image of a stamp postage stamp must be in the public domain, or freely licensed, before it tin can be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons.

Copyright rules for stamps vary from country to country. Stamps may be considered authorities works that are not protected by copyright, although there may be non-copyright restrictions on the ways in which the stamps can be used. They may exist considered government or corporate works that are protected past copyright for a defined period such equally fifty years after issuance. The copyright term may exist based on the life of the contributors to the stamp pattern, and may extend for seventy years or more later the death of the last survivor.

The goal of this project page is to analyze the copyright state of affairs of stamp stamps. It contains data "transcluded" from pages that describe the relevant rules for each land.

Run into as well: Commons:Stamps/Public domain templates

use {{PD-AB-exempt}}
Come across too: Category:Stamps of Abkhazia

Copyright expires 50 years afterwards first put in circulation. ^{[2008 Article 16.ane.6]} . For stamps published more than 50 years ago (before i Jan 1972) use {{PD-Afghanistan}}.
See besides: Category:Stamps of Afghanistan

use {{PD-Albania-exempt}}
See as well: Category:Stamps of Albania

No information available
See also: Category:Stamps of People's democratic republic of algeria

No information available
See besides: Category:Stamps of Republic of angola

Public domain for the stamps published before i January 1972 (older than 50 years) if the work is anonymous. See {{PD-Antigua and Barbuda}}.
See also: Category:Stamps of Antigua and Barbuda

The bones copyright constabulary of Argentine republic is Law No. 11.723 of September 28, 1933, on Legal Intellectual Property Regime (Copyright Police force, equally terminal amended by Law No. 26.570 of Nov 25, 2009). There is no mention of stamps or official works in the law, but Commodity 8 (as translated) says that "The buying of anonymous intellectual works belonging to institutions, corporations or legal persons shall last for 50 years from the appointment of publication of those works." The government of Argentine republic is an institution and not a natural person so assume that where a postage stamp is bearding, information technology is out of copyright afterward 50 years. Use {{PD-AR-Bearding}} where applicable. If the designer of the postage is shown, the stamp will remain in copyright for seventy years later on decease.
Run across also: Category:Stamps of Argentine republic

employ {{PD-AM-exempt}}.

Stamps announced to qualify as "state symbols and signs", which are not field of study to copyright under the 2013 version of the copyright law [2013 Article 4.one(d)].
Meet also: Category:Stamps of Armenia

Australia Post claims copyright ownership of Australian stamps for l years from publication (http://www.caslon.com.au/ipguide24.htm). Stamps published before one January 1972 can be tagged with {{PD-Commonwealth of australia}}.

See also: Category:Stamps of Commonwealth of australia

The Austrian mail (Österreichische Post) has limited copyright for all stamps and the displayed images. The stamps can be used for sale, industry and advertising. For all other imaging requests (such as printing works, books or encyclopedias) the corresponding postage stamp postage stamp designer needs to be contacted, since it is not advertizing. This eliminates a general license as template for the German stamps. For each stamp a release must be obtained individually. The contact addresses of the designers are subject to data privacy.

Run into de:Wikipedia:Briefmarken#.C3.96sterreichische_Post.
Encounter too: Category:Stamps of Austria

use {{PD-AZ-exempt}}

An exception is File:1995 John Lennon..jpg.
See also: Category:Stamps of Azerbaijan

No information bachelor
See also: Category:Stamps of Bahrain

. No Bangladeshi stamps might exist uploaded earlier 2032 because the kickoff stamps were issued on 29 July 1971 and the copyright term is 60 years from the author's death. The 1971 stamps might be uploaded by 2032.
Meet also: Category:Stamps of Bangladesh

No information available
Encounter likewise: Category:Stamps of Barbados

utilise {{PD-By-exempt}}

According to the Law of the Democracy of Belarus No. 262-Z of May 17, 2011, "country symbols and signs (flag, coat of artillery, anthem, awards, banknotes and other signs)" are non copyrightable. ^{[262-Z/2011 Art.7(2)]} According to the Stamp Law of the Democracy of Belarus No. 258-З of Dec fifteen, 2003, "postage stamp is an official (state) sign of postage printed on newspaper and carrying an artwork, and inscriptions "БЕЛАРУСЬ", "Belarus", year of issue (in Standard arabic messages) and a par value (in Arabic figures). The par value of postage postage stamp may be designated in letters."^[1]
Run across also: Category:Stamps of Belarus

In Belgium an prototype of a stamp is copyright free when the following weather are fulfilled:

70 years after La Poste / De Post have issued the stamp AND 70 years afterwards the designer of the image on the stamp has died.

The works of the following artists are in public domain because the artist died before 31 December 1945.

• Baugniet, Charles (1814-1886)
• Houyoux, Léon (1956-1940)
• Meunier, Henri (1873–1922)

The work of the following artists will be in public domain on 1 January following 70 years after their death

• Bonnevalle, Oscar (1920-1993)
• De Bast, Jean (1883-1975)
• Dolphyn, William (1935–2016)
• Van Noten, Jean (1903–1982)
• Vloors, Émile (1871–1952)
  See also: Category:Stamps of Belgium

According Belize'south Copyright Act of 2000, where a protected work has been made by or under the direction or control of the Government and, apart from this subsection no copyright would subsist in the work, then copyright shall subsist therein past virtue of this subsection and shall initially vest to the State. ^{[Cap.252/2000 Section 25(4)]}

No special terms are specified for stamps or other government works, then standard copyright rules employ.

For stamps issued before Belizean independence (1981), crown copyright applies.
See also: Category:Stamps of Belize

No information available
Encounter also: Category:Stamps of Benin

The Constabulary No.1322 of April 13, 1992 on Copyright states that copyright protection expires l years after the writer'south death calculated from one January post-obit the year of death. ^{[1322/1992 Article xviii]}

For "bearding works ... and in pseudonymous works, the economic rights shall last 50 years after the works take been fabricated known" as well calculated from 1 January of the following year. ^{[1322/1992 Article xix]}

For stamps published more than 50 years ago (before 1 January 1972) employ {{PD-Republic of bolivia}}.
Run into likewise: Category:Stamps of Bolivia

No information available
Meet likewise: Category:Stamps of Bosnia and Herzegovina

No information available
See too: Category:Stamps of Botswana

Earlier 1983

use {{PD-BrazilGov}}

After 1983

See also: Category:Stamps of Brazil

No information bachelor
See too: Category:Stamps of Negara brunei darussalam

No information bachelor
Encounter also: Category:Stamps of Bulgaria

No information available
Run into also: Category:Stamps of Burkina Faso

Stamps are non included amidst the types of work for which copyright does non apply. ^{[Act i/021 2005 Article 7]}

If the author is known, a stamp would be protected for life + 50 years. ^{[Human action one/021 2005 Article 58]} Otherwise, equally an anonymous or collective work information technology would exist protected for publication + fifty years. ^{[Act 1/021 2005 Commodity threescore–61]}
Come across also: Category:Stamps of Republic of burundi

There is no special provision in the copyright law for postage stamps. Section 12 of the 1921 Copyright Act of Canada states that for government works (work that is, or has been, prepared or published by or under the direction or control of Her Majesty or any government department) the copyright is l years following the end of the calendar year during which the work has been published. This is known as Crown copyright.

There are as well special non-copyright regulations which use: encounter https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._1292/page-1.html.

For stamps published more than than fifty years agone (earlier 1^st of Jan 1972) use {{PD-Canada-postage}}.
See also: Category:Stamps of Canada

No data available
See likewise: Category:Stamps of Chile

Come across also: Commons:Stamps

As mentioned in Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Manchukuo#Stamps, stamps issued by the government of Manchukuo are nowadays in public domain, and {{PD-Manchukuo-stamps}} tin be used.

Pending informations, merely in normal cases Not OK for nearly all not-Manchukuo stamps in Communist china, because in most cases, the dates of nascency of authors of those stamps are not publicly known, unless if that's issued before Jan 1, 1927 which is a {{PD-betimes-expired}} case, nosotros should de facto judge them equally copyrighted by Prc Post or its affiliates (e.g. Beijing Postage Factory).^[two]

In rare cases, if the dates of birth of authors of some individual stamps are known, those tin enter the public domain 50 years after the death of the creator.
Come across besides: Category:Stamps of Cathay

Stamps appear to be out of copyright after lxx years. If stamp is published before one Jan 1952 please apply {{PD-Republic of colombia}}.
Come across also: Category:Stamps of Colombia

The basic copyright law of Costa Rica is: Ley Nº 6683 - Ley de Derechos de Autor y Derechos Conexos. In that location are no specific provision for copyrights of stamp stamps, but all works are copyrighted until 70 years after the author's death. In the case of government agencies and other public entities the copyrights of official works expired subsequently 25 years, and in special cases subsequently 50 years (i.e. books), both since the original publication appointment.
See also: Category:Stamps of Republic of costa rica

Modern stamps of this land are non in public domain or their status is unknown. Cuba was under Spanish control until 1898 and then under U.Southward. control until the Republic was established on May 20, 1902. Accordingly, the copyright applicable to stamps issued during those time periods would be Kingdom of spain and the U.Due south.
See also: Category:Stamps of Republic of cuba

Postal stamps of Czechia (they are since 1993) are copyrighted 70 years after the author's expiry by both authors: an engraver and a graphic artist. They are not official works. Stamps are officially appear in Poštovní věstník (Postal bulletin, it is published at least since 2000) and texts in this bulletin is public domain but the stamps are copyrighted.

Postage stamps of Czechoslovakia (published in 1918-1939 and in 1945-1992) are copyrighted 70 years after the author's decease by both authors: an engraver and a graphic artist. (see overview of artists)
See as well: Category:Stamps of Czechoslovakia

Under the Intellectual Property Law (Codification No. 2006­-13) at that place is no exception for stamps, which would be protected for seventy years from publication.

• Protected works shall include, inter alia, the following: ... works of painting, drawing, engraving and lithography .... ^{[2006­-13 Art.8(f)]}
• The employer or commissioner owns copyright in works by made employees or commissioned. ^{[2006­-13 Art.16]}
• Where the holder of rights in a work from the fourth dimension of creation of the piece of work is a legal person, the menstruation of protection shall exist lxx years from the making, disclosure or publication of the piece of work, whichever is the later. ^{[2006­-thirteen Art.81]}
  Encounter also: Category:Stamps of Ecuador

Co-ordinate to the 2017 revision, works owned by legal entities are protected for 70 years counted from ane January of the year post-obit that of commencement publication. ^{[2017 Commodity 86(c)]}

Translation of the specific permission to use images of postage stamps for non-commercial educational, philatelic and cultural purposes was contained in an email message dated xi Jan 2007 from Silvia María Orantes, Head of the Philatelic Office, Government of Republic of el salvador but commercial brake images are non permitted here.
See also: Category:Stamps of El Salvador

. There are no specific laws on the copyright condition of stamps. Ethiopian stamps are in the public domain 50 years after the date of issue, per the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Protection Proclamation No. 410/2004, which states that "Economical rights shall belong to the author during his lifetime and to the heirs or legatees for fifty years from the date of death of the writer" (Fine art. 20) and "The economic rights relating to an audiovisual work shall be protected for fifty years outset from the date of making of the work or communication of the work to the public, which ever date is the latest."
See too: Category:Stamps of Ethiopia

use {{PD-Faroe stamps}}

Issued before 1990

use {{PD-FinlandStamp}}.

They are parts of decisions by an authority of Finland. The Finnish copyright law of 2005 specifies that no copyright exists in decisions or statements by an authority of Republic of finland. ^{[404/1961–2015 Sec.9]}

Issued 1990 onwards

. Postage stamps first published afterward 1989, issued by Itella, are not in the public domain, and they should not be uploaded. Note however that Åland has its own stamps, which are not handled by Itella and different considerations employ. Considering Posti- ja telelaitos, the authority for mail services, was inverse from an authority to a visitor in the beginning of 1990, postage stamps published by Posti- ja telelaitos were not anymore parts of decisions past an authorization. Most probably the copyright possessor of postage stamp stamps published after 1989 are the corporation Posti Group or the stamps' designer. A motion picture of a Finnish postage stamp first published after 1989 should be speedily deleted, unless permission has been granted by Posti Group, the designer of the postage stamp stamp or a possible other copyright possessor.
See besides: Category:Stamps of Republic of finland

Co-ordinate to La Poste, French stamps have the same legal status equally any other work of fine art. Stamps by designers deceased more than seventy years agone are public domain.^[3]

The names of the artists are generally printed at the bottom of the stamps or its main moving-picture show. Check the private artists death dates in the frwiki category: Dessinateur de timbres/Stamp designers and likewise the French Phil-ouest website that lists many more than have wiki articles.^[iv]

On 1st January 2015, information technology appears that all postage stamps of France issued until 1922 are in the public domain (doubts well-nigh the 1919 postage known every bit "The Two Orphans" – cause: no data found on the engagement of decease of Surand and Jarraud).

The following list of artists whose works are in public domain considering they died earlier 31 December 1951 is non-exhaustive:

• Barre, Jacques-Jean (1793–1855)
• Delacroix, Ferdinand Victor Eugène (1798–1863)
• Barre, Désiré-Albert (1818–1878)
• Merwart, Paul (1855–1902)
• Blanc, Joseph (1846–1904)
• Dubois, Alphée (1831–1905)
• Chaplain, Jules (1839–1909)
• Sage, Jules-Auguste (1840–1910)
• Roty, Oscar (1846–1911)
• Mouchon, Louis-Eugène (1843–1914)
• Nézière, Georges de la (1878–1914)
• Puyplat, Jules-Jacques (1843–1915)
• Merson, Luc-Olivier (1846–1920)
• Thévenin, Auguste (1856–1921)
• Dumoulin, Louis (1860–1924)
• Froment, Eugène (1844–1926 (?))
• Paul Albert Laurens (1870–1934)
• Ruffé, Léon (1864–1935)
• Mignon, Justin Abel Francois Xaviér (1861–1936)
• Dezarrois, Antoine (1864–1939)
• Gandon, Gaston (1872–1941)
• Delzers, Jean Antonin (1873–1943)
• Degorce, Georges Léo (1894–1943)
• Nézière, Joseph de La (1873–1944)
• Grégoire, René (1871–1945)
• Prudhomme, George Henri (1873–1947)
• Cortot, Henri (1892–1950)^[5]
• Ouvré, Achille (1872–1951)

Works by the following artists will be in public domain on one January following 70 years after their expiry:

• Hourriez, Georges (1878–c1952)^[6] @c2023
• Dulac, Edmond (1882–1953) @2024
• Nézière, Raymond de la (1865–1953) @2024
• Feltesse, Émile Henri (1881–1955) @2026
• Barlangue, Gabriel Antoine (1874–1956) @2027
• Dufresne, Charles Paul (1885–1956) @2027
• Lemasson, Henri (1870–1956) @2027
• Cheffer, Henry (1880–1957) @2028
• Rigal, Louis Pierre (1888–1959) @2030
• Munier, Pierre (1889–1962) @2033
• Cocteau, Jean (1889–1963) @2034
• Kieffer, Clément (1881-1964) @2035
• Mazelin, Charles (1882–1964) @2035
• Louis, Robert (1902–1965) @2036
• Serres, Raoul (1881–1971) @2042
• Cami, Robert (1900–1973) @2044
• Lemagny, Paul Pierre (1905–1977) @2048
• Spitz, André (1883–1977) @2048
• Piel, Jules (1882–1978) @2049
• Picart Le Doux, Jean (1902–1982) @2053
• Monvoisin, Michel (1932–1982) @2053
• Miró, Joan (1893–1983) @2054
• Fernez Louis (1900–1984) @2055
• Decaris, Albert (1901–1988) @2059
• Delpech, Jean (1916–1988) @2059
• Haley, Claude (1923–1988) @2059
• Gandon, Pierre (1899–1990) @2061
• Pheulpin, Jean (1907–1991) @2062
• Cottet, René (1902–1992) @2063
• Combet, Jacque (1920–1993) @2064
• Lengellé, Paul (1908-1993) @2064
• Peynet, Raymond (1908–1999) @2070
• Hundertwasser, Friedensreich (1928–2000) @2071
• Leguay, Marc (1910–2001) @2072
• Durrens, Claude (1921–2002) @2073
• Hertenberger, Claude (1912–2002) @2073
• Bridoux, Charles (1942–2003) @2074
• Dessirier, René (1919–2003@2074
• Guillame, Cécile (1933–2004) @2075
• Folon, Jean-Michel (1934–2005) @2076
• Forget, Pierre (1923–2005) @2076
• Lacaque, Eugène (1914–2005) @2076
• Slania, Czeslaw (1921–2005) @2076
• Schach-Duc, Yvonne (1933–2009) @2080
• Saison, Huguette (1929–2011) @2082
• Mathieu, Georges (1921–2012) @2083
• Béquet, Pierre (1932–2012) @2083
• Leliepvre, Eugène (1908–2013) @2084
• Wou-Ki, Zao (1920–2013) @2084
• Markó, Serge (1926–2014) @2085
• Taraskoff, Mark (1955–2015) @2086
• Quillivic, René (1925–2016) @2087
• Andréotto, Claude (1949–2017) @2088

See besides: Category:Stamps of French republic

use {{PD-GE-exempt}}.
See too: Category:Stamps of Georgia

According to a determination past a German regional court (Landgericht Berlin) in a case of the heirs of German language artist Loriot against the Wikimedia Foundation, appear 27 March 2012, German postage stamps are non "official works" co-ordinate to § v I or Two UrhG and are therefore non in the public domain, as previously assumed on Commons.

Stamps of other individual entities are copyrighted likewise. However, the usual High german copyright expiration term applies - copyright expires 70 years after i January afterwards death of the creator. Some individual stamps may be copyright-gratis for other reasons (e.g. simple graphic pattern). For a farther give-and-take, see Wikilegal/Copyright of Images in German Postage Stamps

Outdated license templates, to be deleted or changed [edit]

See Commons:WikiProject Public Domain/German stamps review.

• Template:PD-German language stamps
  for stamps of Deutsche Post AG, issued from 5 May 1995 on (banner „Deutschland")
• Template:PD-Deutsche Bundespost stamps
  for stamps of Deutsche Bundespost (Federal Mail, including Saarland) issued from 1949 until 6 April 1995
• Template:PD-Deutsche Bundespost Berlin stamps
  for stamps of Deutsche Bundespost Berlin issued from 1949 until September 27, 1990
• Template:PD-GDR stamps
  for stamps of Deutsche Post der DDR (German language Autonomous Republic, 1945 - 1990)
• Template:PD-DBZ stamps
  for stamps issued by Allied Occupation authorities (1945 - 1949)
• Template:PD-German Empire stamps
  for stamps of Deutsche Reichspost (Royal Mail, including foreign entities) issued earlier 1945
• For stamps of the pre-Regal German states the Template:PD-sometime applies.
  • See talk pages for updates.
    See also: Category:Stamps of Germany

Stamps by artists deceased more than 70 years ago (or pseudonymously designed more than 70 years ago, earlier 1 January 1952) are free. The copyright condition of all other stamps issued before 1970 is disputed (possibly {{PD-GreekGov}} as government administrative documents). Stamps issued since 1970 follow the 70 years pma rule.
See also: Category:Stamps of Hellenic republic

. Stamps by artists deceased more than 60 years ago (or pseudonymously designed more than 60 years ago, before 1 January 1962) are free. ^{[2005 Article 20–23]}
Meet besides: Category:Stamps of Republic of haiti

Stamps of Hungary are probably not in the public domain.

Although Hungarian copyright law denies copyright protection for "means of land direction" (Act No. LXXVI. of 1999], I.4), the recommendation by the Council of Copyright Experts rejects a like arguments for banknotes and suggests that "means of land management" applies to specific, "official" uses of a piece of work.^{[7] [viii]} The same logic is presumed to apply to stamps as well. Presume copyrighted until full general term of protection expires.

Also refer to Commons talk:Stamps/Public domain#Hungary and Commons:Undeletion requests/Archive/2013-10#File:1888 Kodaly 500.jpg
See also: Category:Stamps of Hungary

No information available
See also: Category:Stamps of Iceland

: Stamps are at present covered under {{GODL-Bharat}}. In addition, all Indian stamps older than 60 years are in the public domain. See en.wikipedia discussion hither and hither.

Employ either {{GODL-India}} or {{PD-India}} where appropriate. Cloth issued by the Government of India before independence may be covered by {{PD-UKGov}}.
See also: Category:Stamps of India

under Article 43(b) of the 2014 Copyright Constabulary.

Delight apply {{PD-IDGov}} for images of Indonesian postal stamps. However, please annotation that it has not been adamant if modifications or derivatives tin be made to works enumerated in Article 43 (Please read the Commons discussion on the outcome here).
Encounter too: Category:Stamps of Republic of indonesia

: All stamps published earlier 22 March 1992 are in the public domain considering according to the Police for the Protection of Authors, Composers and Artist Rights, Iran stamps designed before 22 March 1992 get public domain after 30 years since, "In the post-obit cases images fall into public domain later thirty years from the engagement of publication or public presentation (Article 16): In cases where the work belongs to a legal personality or rights are transferred to a legal personality." Iranian stamps are copyrighted and their copyright belong to Iran Post which is a "legal personality". In those cases use {{PD-Iran}}.
See also: Category:Stamps of Iran

: For stamps published more than l years agone (before i^st of January 1972) use {{PD-Iraq}}.
See likewise: Category:Stamps of Iraq

Irish stamps issued by the Department of Posts and Telegraphs earlier 1984 are official works and those over 50 years erstwhile are in the public domain (published before ane January 1972). Use {{PD-IrishGov}} to tag them. Since one Jan 1984, when An Post was established Irish stamps are copyright to the visitor.
Encounter also: Category:Stamps of Ireland

Paragraph 51 of Israeli Postal Services Statute 1986, in its 2004 revised version stipulates that the Land owns total copyrights for Israeli stamps. The Israeli copyright statute from 2007 determines that the State's copyrights expire on 1 January of the 51st year after the creation of the piece of work. Hence, only stamps created fifty or more than years ago are in the public domain. Template:PD-IsraelGov would exist appropriate to indicate their copyright condition.
See too: Category:Stamps of Israel

Until specific data becomes available, apply the seventy years pma rule (or 70 years subsequently issue for bearding/pseudonymous stamps), so stamps by designers deceased more than 70 years are public domain. Where there are joint authors, such as an engraver and a designer, the copyright term starts following the death of the last survivor.

{{PD-Italy}} does non utilize to Italian stamps. The constabulary contains no exceptions to standard copyright police force for stamps.

Stamps sometimes comprise date and author. The Stamp Art web log, while non necessarily reliable, does list designers and some engravers of Italian stamps and Italian postage designers, and then may be worth reviewing.^[9]

The following list of artists whose works are in public domain because they died on or earlier 31 Dec 1950 is non-exhaustive:

• Ferraris, Giuseppe (engraver) (1791–1869 )
• Joubert Ferdinand (1810–1884)
• Matraire, Francesco (- c1884 )
• Wyon, Leonard Charles (1826–1891)
• Bigola, Ludovico (1822–1905 )
• Michetti, Francesco Paolo (1851–1929 )
• Del Neri, Edoardo (1890–1932)
• Calcagnadoro, Antonino information technology (1876–1935 )
• Sezanne, Augusto (1856–1935)
• D'Urso, Nicola (1877–1937)
• Cellini, Guiseppe (1855–1940)
• Savage, Robert (engraver: ABNC) (1868–1943)
• Terzi, Aleardo (1870–1943)
• Constantini, Giovanni (1872–1947 )
• Chiappelli, Francesco (1890–1947)

Works by the following artists will remain protected until 70 years later on their expiry:

• Mezzana, Corrado (1890–1952) @2023
• Rondini, Guiseppe (1881–1955) @2026
• Paschetto, Paolo Antonio (1885–1956) @2027
• Grassi, Vittorio (1878–1958) @2029
• Frigerio, Federico (1873–1959) @2060
• Cambellotti, Duilio (1876–1960) @2031
• Morbiducci, Publius (1889–1963) @2034
• Cossio, Carlo (1907–1964) @2035
• Di Fausto, Florestano (1890–1965) @2036
• Parmeggiani, Carlo (1881–1967) @2038
• Parrini, Manlio (1901–1968) @2039
• Mancioli, Corrado (1904–1968) @2039
• Conti, Gian Battista (1878–1971) @2042
• Lalia, Alfredo (1907–1971) @2042
• Marussig, Guido (1885–1972) @2043
• Guerrini, Giovanni (1887–1972) @2043
• Garelli, Franco (1909–1973) @2044
• Lerario, Giovanni (1913–1973) @2044
• Retrosi, Virgilio (1892–1975) @2046
• Morelli, Enzo (1896–1976) @2047
• Ortona, Ugo (1888–1977) @2048
• Cisari, Giulio (1892–1979) @2050
• Melis, Melkiorre it (1889–1982) @2053
• Zainea, Serban (1907–1990)[1] @2061
• Garrasi, Renato (1915–1990)(some sources say 1954) @2061
• Dominioni, Paolo Caccia (1896–1992) @2063
• Marangoni, Tranquillo (1912–1992) @2063
• Ferrini, Renato (1910–2005) @2076
• Tuccelli, Maria Maddalena-(b. 1951)

The following artists have unknown death dates:

• Liana Ferri (stamp designs 1934)^[ten]
• Gustavo Petronio (active c1920s–1950s)^[11]
• Alberto Repettati (c.1896-1940s)
• Dino Tofani (1895–?1930)
• C. Vincenti (1930s)
  Meet too: Category:Stamps of Italy

Stamps more than 70 years onetime or published earlier i Jan 1968 are in the public domain, per {{PD-Japan}}.
Meet as well: Category:Stamps of Nihon

employ {{PD-KZ-exempt}}

Pursuant to Article 8 of Law No. half dozen-I of the Republic of Kazakhstan On Copyright and Associated Rights dated June x, 1996, "official symbols and signs (flags, coats of artillery, decorations, bills and coins and other official symbols and signs)" are not copyrighted. ^{[419/2015 Article 8]} Pursuant to Commodity 1 of Police force No. 386-Ii of Kazakhstan On Mail dated February 8, 2003, official signs of postage include "stamps, souvenir sheets, stamped covers, postcards, postage meter marks and other signs introduced into circulation by the authorised agency, which confirm that postal operator services take been paid."
Run across besides: Category:Stamps of Republic of kazakhstan

. The Copyright Act 1966 states that "any work eligible for copyright which has been created pursuant to a commission from the Government" is copyrighted "until the finish of the expiration of fifty years from the terminate of the year in which information technology was first published" [2]. For stamps published more than fifty years agone (before 1 January 1972) utilise {{PD-Kenya|1}}.

(if prior to Dec 1965) per {{PD-UKGov}}
See also: Category:Stamps of Kenya

. Law No. 38/NA of November 15, 2017, on Intellectual Property does not mention stamps, and nothing that could be interpreted equally stamps is included in the list of unprotected works. ^{[38/NA/2017 Commodity 94]}
See also: Category:Stamps of Laos

use {{PD-LV-exempt}}

According to the Copyright Law of the Republic of Latvia: of April 6, 2000, Section 6, "State approved, as well as internationally recognised official symbols and signs" are "Not-Protected Works", therefore all stamps are in Public Domain.
See besides: Category:Stamps of Latvia

According to the Law of May 19, 1999, on Copyright and Neighboring Rights, "Copyright protection shall not subsist in ... means of payment". ^{[1999-2006 Art.five]}

Nonetheless, Liechtenstein generally emulates Swiss constabulary, and Liechtenstein's Copyright Act is based on the Swiss text. The majority of Swiss copyright constabulary commentaries does not consider stamps "ways of payment".^{[12] [xiii] [fourteen] [15] [16] [17] [18] [xix]}Information technology is therefore probable that Principality of liechtenstein stamps are protected by copyright as well.

In the past, {{PD-Liechtenstein}} was used for uploads of stamps from Liechtenstein, only this should non be done in the futurity, unless it's possible to produce evidence for the public domain claim.
See also: Category:Stamps of Liechtenstein

use {{PD-LT-exempt}}.
See as well: Category:Stamps of Republic of lithuania

Nether Republic of malaŵi'due south Copyright Act, 2016, the copyright term for works by the government is fifty years from the date of get-go publication and for works by individual authors is life of the author plus 50 years. ^{[26/2016 Department 35(1a),(1e)]} Since the showtime stamps of Malawi were issued on six July 1964, the primeval whatever stamp of Republic of malaŵi was PD in 2015 (and fifty-fifty then only if the artwork depicted on the stamp is a government work).
See also: Category:Stamps of Malawi

According to commodity 23 of The Copyright Act 1987 (act 332), works past the Regime Organizations are subject to copyright until the commencement of the year following 50 years after publication, and then only stamps more than 50 years old may be uploaded and they should use the template {{PD-Malaysia}}. This applies until 1992 when the Malaysian post office was corporatized every bit Pos Malaysia, so the normal artistic copyright term probable applies (life plus 50 years), unless as a corporate work the term of publish plus 50 years applies.
See too: Category:Stamps of Malaysia

use {{PD-Manchukuo-stamps}}.

As Mainland china has always claimed Northeast Prc without recognizing Manchukuo, whatsoever copyright of Manchukuo stamps would accept expired no subsequently on 1 January 1996. Red china limits corporate copyright to fifty years since publication, and it is no longer known who designed the stamps.
See also: Category:Stamps of Manchukuo

No data bachelor
See also: Category:Stamps of Mexico

utilise {{PD-MD-exempt}}.

According to the law on Copyright of the Democracy of Moldova no. 293-XIII of 23 Nov 1994 (Amended past Police force no. 1268-Xv, of 25 July 2002) Article seven. refers to "State emblems and official signs (flags, armorial bearings, decorations, budgetary signs, etc.)" as Works Not Protected by Copyright; therefore images of stamps are deemed to be in the public domain.
See also: Category:Stamps of Moldova

Mozambique copyright police force instituted in 2001 states that copyright subsists for 70 years following completion for "works of applied art" which appears to comprehend stamps.
See also: Category:Stamps of Mozambique

Under S.eighteen of the Copyright Human action of 1911 (promulgated 1914 and sometimes known as the 1914 Deed), Authorities works of Myanmar are copyright for 50 years from start publication (before 1 January 1972).
Meet also: Category:Stamps of Myanmar

According to the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Protection Human action six of 1994, copyright of government-produced work is held past the state, and lasts for a period of 50 years after publication ^{[6/1994 Section half-dozen(5)]} . The Namibian post was originally a section of the government'south Ministry of Works, Transport and Advice, and became Namibia Post Ltd, or NamPost, in 1992. Before its independence in 12 June 1968 {{PD-SAGov}} may apply.
See as well: Category:Stamps of Namibia

Come across nl:Wikipedia:Beleid voor gebruik van media/Postzegels (In Dutch).

Prior to 1 January 1989, the government-owned corporation PTT considered Dutch stamps every bit beingness created by the PTT visitor and as such was considered their author. In Holland copyright expires 70 years after the death of the author. With stamps issued prior to 1989, copyright expires 70 years subsequently publication.

From 1 January 1989 onwards, the PTT became the private company TNT Post. The rules are sometimes different compared to the period before 01-01-1989; for case, when in that location is more than than i writer of a stamp.

As of 2022 Dutch stamps created in the menstruation 1852–1951 are considered to be Public Domain.

In New Zealand, the Crown Copyright is defined by Sections 2(1), 26 et 27 of the 1994 Copyright Act. Information technology lasts 100 years, with exceptions. It protects the work created by a person employed or engaged past the Crown, Ministers of the Crown, offices of Parliament and government departments. Meet Wikipedia:Crown copyright.

According to this law, images of New Zealand stamps are in the public domain :

• 50 years subsequently issue for stamps issued before 31 December 1944 (Template:PD-NZ-fifty-years on the Wikipedia in English). Use {{PD-NZ-50-years}}. All stamps from 1944 and before are thus in the Public Domain.
• 100 years after issue for stamps issued between 1 January 1945 and the 31 March 1987 by the New Zealand Post Office equally a Section of the Government. No stamps from 1945 onward volition therefore become public domain before 1 January 2045.
  See also: Category:Stamps of New Zealand

Stamps are not mentioned among the works non subject to copyright. ^{[312/1999 Commodity sixteen]}
Run into also: Category:Stamps of Nicaragua

. According to North Korean copyright constabulary every bit of 2006, "the holding rights to a copyrighted work or a copyrighted visual art piece of work whose author is an institution, enterprise or organization shall be protected for up to 50 years from the moment of its publication." ^{[1532/2006 Article 24]}

If published before one January 1972 employ {{PD-DPRKOld}}.
Come across also: Category:Stamps of Democratic people's republic of korea

apply {{PD-Ottoman}}.

Not OK. Use {{PD-Pakistan-stamp}} for stamps whose copyright has expired

Copyright ownership of stamps is maintained by the Government of Pakistan, as stamps in Pakistan are issued by Pakistan Post, which works under the Government of Pakistan. According to Pakistan's Copyright Ordinance, 1962, stamps can be classified as creative:

• "creative" work' ways: ... a painting, a sculpture, a cartoon (including a diagram, map, nautical chart or programme), an engraving or a photograph, whether or non any such work possess artistic quality. ^{[XXXIV/2000 Section 2(c.i)]}
• "Government work" means a work which is made or published by or under the management or control of ... the Government or any department of the Government. ^{[XXXIV/2000 Section ii(m)]}
• in the case of a Authorities work, Government shall, in the absence of any understanding to the contrary, exist the first owner of the copyright therein. ^{[XXXIV/2000 Department 139(d)]}
• Copyright in a Government work shall, where Government is the get-go owner of the copyright therein, subsist until 50 years from the beginning of the calendar twelvemonth next post-obit the twelvemonth in which the work is outset published. ^{[XXXIV/2000 Section 22(one)]}
  See besides: Category:Stamps of Pakistan

Under the Law No. 64 of October x, 2012, stamps are not excluded from protection (e.g. as official texts). ^{[64/2012 Article xiii]}

Copyright lasts for lxx years after death of the author or coauthor, or 70 years from publication if the work is anonymous or pseudonymous [64/2012 Article 59–60]. However, the economic rights for works created past authors who died before Law fifteen of viii August 1994 came into force will have the duration of fourscore years every bit provided for in the Administrative Code of 1917. ^{[64/2012 Article 194]} In outcome, works past authors who died after 1941 are still protected. For older stamps, if applicable, employ {{PD-Panama}}.
Run across besides: Category:Stamps of Panama

: Stamps are non mentioned in Constabulary No. 1328/98 on Copyright and Related Rights, and are not included in the categories that are not protected. ^{[1328/1998 Article viii]}
See also: Category:Stamps of Paraguay

Stamps created prior to 1971

Some stamps were created by Casa de Correos y Telégrafos, today Ministry of Transport and Communications-owned Servicios Postales del Perú (Serpost). In Law No. 13714 of 1961, works by the government had a duration of 25 years and its copyright expired earlier 1996.

For stamps created by the Government and published before 1971 use {{PD-Peru-organization}}, for other works employ {{PD-quondam-car}} where applicable.

Stamps created since 1971

The basic law on copyright in Peru is independent in Legislative Decree No. 822 of Apr 23, 1996.

There is no special mention of stamps in this law as "official work". ^{[822/1996 Art.9]} Copyright lasts for 70 years from death, calculated from the 1 January following the year of death, or for 70 years from the year of disclosure for anonymous and pseudonymous works. ^{[822/1996 Art.52–53]}
See also: Category:Stamps of Peru

utilize {{PD-PhilippineGov}}

Works by the government of the Philippines are not protected by copyright. A prior approval of the regime is necessary for exploitation of such works for profit. Withal, the clause for prior approval is determined to be a non-copyright brake and tin exist safely ignored for the purposes of Wikimedia Commons by policy. (See discussion).

Warning while Philippine stamps are public domain as works of the Philippine government, one must too take into account the underlying derivative works that may announced in the stamps, such equally photographs from non-gratis sources and copyrighted artworks. Section 176.3 of the copyright law provides that the copyright in a work is not invalidated by its "publication or republication by the regime in a public document." Run into also this Apr 2020 deletion request and this May 2021 deletion request.

According to Commodity 4, case two of the Polish Copyright Police Act of February 4, 1994 "normative acts and drafts thereof as well as official documents, materials, signs and symbols are non subject to copyrights".

Such materials should utilise {{PD-Polishsymbol}}. Unfortunately it is unclear if Smooth stamps and banknotes are considered official materials, signs or symbols by Polish constabulary. In 2009 about 900 files with Shine stamps were deleted (run into Commons talk:Stamps/Public domain#Polish stamps are copyrighted for the word).
See also: Category:Stamps of Poland

employ {{PD-RO-exempt}}.

Co-ordinate to the Romanian Police force on Copyright and Neighboring Rights Law no. 8/1996 of 14 March 1996 with farther amendments Chapter 3 Article ix "means of payment" shall not do good from the legal protection accorded to copyright; therefore images of stamps are deemed to be in the public domain.
See also: Category:Stamps of Romania

use {{PD-RU-exempt|stamps}}

Pursuant to Article 1259.6 of Role IV of the Civil Code (No. 230-FZ) of the Russia dated 8 December 2006, official symbols and signs (flags, emblems, orders, banknotes, and the similar), as well as symbols and signs of municipal formations are not copyrighted. Pursuant to Commodity 2 of Federal Law No. 176-FZ of the Russian Federation On Mail dated July 17, 1999, official signs of postage stamp include "postage stamps and other signs put on mail service that requite evidence that postage has been paid".

Article one.1 of Official Postage Signs and Special Postmarks Regulations, put into force on 26 May 1994 by Society 115 of the Ministry of Communication of the Russian Federation, defines the official postage signs concretely and labels stamp stamps, souvenir and miniature sheets, stamped envelopes, and postal stationery cards equally the postage signs. Even works still nether copyright tin can be used by the Russian mail, without altering the copyright condition of the work used.^[20]

A copyrighted painting can be used on an envelope or such and {{PD-RU-exempt}} will apply, without turning the painting into a Public Domain work. Prerequisite is that the Russian post acquired permission from the copyright-holder. We can safely assume that the Russian post has come to an agreement with the copyright-holder of such work.

Tuva stamps [edit]

use {{PD-RU-exempt}}.

From 1921 to 1944, Tuva constituted a sovereign, independent nation nether the name of Tannu Tuva, officially, the Tuvan People's Republic, or the People'due south Republic of Tannu Tuva. The independence of Tannu Tuva, however, was recognized only by its neighbors: the Soviet Union and Mongolia.^[21] Since 1944 Tuva has been part of the Russian federation.
See also: Category:Stamps of Russia

Before June 1976

utilize {{PD-UKGov}} Seychelles was a British colony until June 1976; its stamps of the colonial era are covered past the "Crown Copyright", which expires after 50 years and puts the stamps in the public domain (encounter Crown copyright and {{PD-UKGov}}).

Before 1997

utilise {{PD-Seychelles}}.

Later on 1997

Postage stamps showtime published 25 years ago or earlier are non in the public domain, and should not be uploaded.
See also: Category:Stamps of Seychelles

All stamps are under the copyright of the Infocomm Development Potency of Singapore (IDA). No stamps may be reproduced without paying royalties to the IDA, if requested.

Co-ordinate to Singapore's copyright police force, stamps become public domain 70 years after the death of the engraver or seventy years afterward their issuance, if governmental work. Utilize {{PD-SG-artisticwork}}.

The Singapore Philatelic Museum has been appointed to administer approving for reproduction.^[22]
Encounter also: Category:Stamps of Singapore

S African stamps older than l years (published before 1 January 1972) are in the public domain, apply {{PD-SAGov}}
Run across also: Category:Stamps of Due south Africa

According to Articles 39 to 44 of the Copyright Act of the Republic of Korea, copyrighted works enter the public domain lxx years later on publication when made public in the name of an system. Use {{PD-South Korea}} if published before i January 1963.
See also: Category:Stamps of South Korea

use {{PD-RU-exempt|stamps}}

Since, according to intergovernmental and international treaties, Russian Federation is a legal successor to the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Democracy and the Spousal relationship of Soviet Socialist Republics, the tag {{PD-RU-exempt}} (please run into "Russian federation" higher up) also applies to images of postage stamps, stamped covers and stamped postal service cards (postal stationery) of the RSFSR and USSR.

.

Advice with Spain'southward Philatelic Bureau suggests no public domain. Permission to browse images of Spanish stamps requires a specific request to the, Sociedad Estatal de Correos y Telégrafos.

Co-ordinate to Spanish copyright law, while virtually official works are not protected by copyright, standalone images are specifically exempted, and the author retains copyright. So it is safe to assume that Spanish stamps are copyright their designers, in which case they are protected for seventy years after the author's expiry, or eighty years if the writer died earlier 1988. If the designer is unknown, the stamp falls into the public domain seventy years subsequently it was issued, or 80 years if issued before 1987.
See also: Category:Stamps of Spain

. The Intellectual Property Act No 36 of 2003 is silent on stamps, and so assume copyrighted until general term of protection expires. Information technology seems that stamps would exist public domain if published before i January 1952, apply {{PD-Sri Lanka}}.
See too: Category:Stamps of Sri Lanka

Swedish stamps do not seem to accept a copyright exception in Sweden, so stamps are in PD lxx years after the death of the engraver.

Meet besides: Category talk:Stamps of Sweden
Run into besides: Category:Stamps of Sweden

According to Commodity 5 of the Federal Act on Copyright and Related Rights, "copyright does not protect [...] means of payment". Nonetheless, the prevailing view amidst legal commentators is that stamps are not considered means of payment and practice not fall nether any other exemption clause. They therefore enjoy copyright protection.^[23]
Come across as well: Category:Stamps of Switzerland

According to the TIPO^[24], stamps are considered every bit normal copyrighted artworks, not government works. Old stamps can exist public domain following the #Terms section above.
Run across also: Category:Stamps of Taiwan

employ {{PD-TJ-exempt}}.
See also: Category:Stamps of Tajikistan

The copyright of postage stamps is held by Thailand Mail service and lasts 50 years. Public domain for stamps published earlier thirteen April 1972. ^{[2537/1994 Sec.23]}
Encounter likewise: Category:Stamps of Thailand

The copyright situation is unclear.

The Postal service Office Human activity (1933, 1977) does not mention copyright.^[25]The Copyright Acts 2002 states that,

• For a collective work other than a piece of work of applied art ... the economic and moral rights are protected for fifty years from the date on which the work was either made, first made available to the public, or outset published, whichever engagement is the latest. ^{[2002 Sec.xviii]}
• A "work of applied fine art" is an artistic cosmos with commonsensical functions or incorporated in a useful commodity, whether fabricated past manus or produced on an industrial scale. ^{[2002 Sec.2]} The economic and moral rights are protected for xx v years the making of the piece of work. ^{[2002 Sec.xviii]}

Thus, any stamp published more than 50 years ago should be in the public domain.
See besides: Category:Stamps of Tonga

Nether Police No. 5846 of December 5, 1951 (as amended upwardly to decision no 2020/29 of Ramble Court of Turkey on July 17, 2020),

• The rights in works created by civil servants, employees and workers during the execution of their duties shall be exercised past the persons who employ or engage them; provided that the opposite may non be deduced from a special contract betwixt such persons or from the nature of the work. ^{[5846/1951 Article 18]}
• If the first author is a legal person, the term of protection shall be 70 years from the date on which the work was made public. ^{[5846/1951 Article 27]}

The copyright for stamps therefore belongs to the Turkish regime and lasts 70 years from publication. Thus, whatsoever stamp issued 70 or more years ago (published earlier i Jan 1952) is public domain.
Meet also: Category:Stamps of Turkey

Co-ordinate to Law No. 257-4 of Jan 10, 2012, Commodity 7, country symbols and signs (flag, coat of arms, anthem, awards, banknotes and other signs) are not copyrightable; therefore the postage stamps of Turkmenistan are in public domain. Use the {{PD-TK-exempt}} tag for each image.
See also: Category:Stamps of Turkmenistan

utilize {{PD-UA-exempt}}.

According to the Article x of the Law of Ukraine on Copyright and Related rights, all Ukrainian stamps are in the public domain. They are divers as "state signs" in the Constabulary of Ukraine On Postal service (4 October 2001) :

• Stamp means a country sign manufactured according to the procedure set forth by legislation, with specified face value and land, serving as the tool of payment for postal services provided by the national operator.^[26]
  See too: Category:Stamps of Ukraine

The 2002 UAE law states that such works every bit stamps are protected for 50 years starting from 1 January of the publication year. Even so the 1992 police gave a 25 years copyright protection (starting from the publication date). This ways that all UAE postage stamps printed before 1977 are in public domain. Stamps issued after that year should wait l years.

1 may tag Template:PD-United Arab Emirates stamp to any such epitome.

. British stamp designs published earlier 1st October 1969 were "Crown Copyright", which expired afterwards l years and put the stamps in the public domain. (Encounter Crown copyright.) This also applies to the stamps of the various territories of the British Empire prior to their independence.

In 1969, the Post Office was established as a not-Crown body. Since then, the copyright of new British stamps has been held by the Post Role or Regal Mail in its own correct, so in general no stamp may be uploaded.

Co-ordinate to Title 17 of the Us Code, the copyright status of stamps depends on when they were first issued.

Before 1978

In the public domain as a piece of work of the federal government. Utilise {{PD-USGov}}

1978 onward

Copyrighted by the United States Mail service later one January 1978 (the appointment on which the Copyright Act of 1976 went into outcome).^[27] Written permission is needed.^[28]

use {{PD-UZ-exempt}}.
See likewise: Category:Stamps of Uzbekistan

Stamps are not mentioned in the Constabulary on Copyright 1993, and do not qualify every bit an excluded category. ^{[1993 Commodity four]}

Copyright lasts for lx years from death, calculated from the 1 January post-obit the year of death [1993 Article 25]. The copyright in anonymous or pseudonymous works shall expire subsequently 60 years counted from January 1 of the twelvemonth post-obit that of the first publication thereof. ^{[1993 Article 27]}

Use template {{PD-Venezuela}} where applicable.
Come across also: Category:Stamps of Venezuela

Universal Postal Union/ WADP/ WNS [edit]

The Universal Postal Union, in conjunction with the World Clan for the Development of Philately (WADP), has developed the WADP Numbering Organization (WNS), launched on 1 January 2002. The spider web site (https://www.wnsstamps.post/en/Stamps-Search) has entries for some 160 countries and emitting postal entities, with over 25,000 registered stamps since 2002. Many of them take images, which more often than not remain copyrighted by the issuing country, but which the UPU and WADP allow to be downloaded.

References [edit]

Some citation text may not have been transcluded

↑ 15 декабря 2003 г. № 258-З О почтовой связи – Postage Police force of the Republic of Belarus No. 258-З of December 15, 2003 (in Russian). Retrieved on 2019-02-05. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CivilPRC ↑ Cite fault: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named LaPosteRepro ↑ Cite mistake: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Phil-Ouest ↑ Cite fault: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CatawikiCortot ↑ Cite mistake: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Hourriez ↑ A Szerzői Jogi Szakértő Testület szakvéleményei. Bankjegy-, illetve pénzérme-kép szerzői jogi védelme, felhasználása; a szerzői jogok jogosultja. Ügyszám: SZJSZT (September 2001).] ↑ Council of Copyright Experts. Hungarian Intellectual Belongings Role. Retrieved on 2019-03-26. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named StampArt ↑ Cite fault: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Ferri ↑ Cite fault: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Petronio ↑ Cherpillod in Müller/Oertli, Urheberrechtsgesetz, second ed. 2012, Art. 5 para. 3 ↑ Barrelet/Egloff, Das neue Urheberrecht, 3rd ed. 2008, Fine art. 5 para. 5 ↑ von Büren/Meer in von Büren/David, SIWR Ii/i, 3rd ed. 2014, para. 379 ↑ Hilty, Urheberrecht, 2011, para. 130 ↑ Dessemontet, Le droit d'auteur, 1999, para. 413 ↑ Gilliéron in Werra/Gilliéron, Propriété intellectuelle, 2013, Fine art. five LDA para. nine ↑ von Büren, Urheberrecht und verwandte Schutzrechte, ZSR 1993, 193-222, 200 ↑ disagreeing: Rehbinder/Viganò, URG, third ed. 2008, Art. five para. 3 [included by analogy] ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named RF115 ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Tuva1992 ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named SingPhil ↑ W Egloff in D Barrelet and W Egloff (eds), Das neue Urheberrecht (4th edn, Stämpfli 2020) fine art 5 para 5 («da sie keine Zahlungsmittel sind und auch sonst unter keine Ausnahmebestimmung fallen»); R von Büren and MA Meer in R von Büren and L David (eds), Urheberrecht und verwandte Schutzrechte (tertiary edn, Helbing & Lichtenhahn 2014) para 379 («es handelt sich bei ihnen nämlich nicht um offizielle Zahlungsmittel, da sie keinen gesetzlichen Kurs haben und nicht in Zahlung genommen werden müssen»); I Cherpillod in BK Müller and R Oertli (eds), Urheberrechtsgesetz (URG) (2nd edn, Stämpfli 2012) art v para 3; RM Hilty, Urheberrecht (2nd edn, Stämpfli 2020) para 254 («zumal der im Vorentwurf von 1987 enthaltene Schutzausschluss im Rahmen des bundesrätlichen Entwurfs wieder gestrichen worden war»); P Gilliéron in J de Werra and P Gilliéron (eds), Propriété intellectuelle (Helbing & Lichtenhahn 2013) fine art 5 LDA para nine. Contra M Rehbinder and AP Viganò (eds), URG (3rd edn, Orell Füssli 2008) art 5 para iii («Zahlungsmittel (Geldscheine und Münzen) sind [...] nicht mehr geschützt [...] Analoges wird aber auch für Briefmarken zu gelten haben (streitig)»). ↑ 電子郵件920523. TIPO (2003-05-23). ↑ Tonga Consolidated Legislation: Mail service Part Human action Acts 12 of 1933 and 29 of 1977. Pacific Islands Legal Information Constitute. Retrieved on 2019-03-16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ZakonPost ↑ http://about.usps.com/corporate-social-responsibleness/stamp-collecting.htm#asc8 ↑ http://virtually.usps.com/doing-business organization/rights-permissions/welcome.htm USPS site

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Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Stamps

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